The Developmental Origins of Cancer: A Review of the Genes Expressed in Embryonic Cells with Implications for Tumorigenesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tumorigenesis, which involves the uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation of cells, has been observed to imitate a variety of pathways vital to embryonic development, motivating cancer researchers to explore the genetic origins of these pathways. The pluripotency gene regulatory network is an established collection of genes that induces stemness in embryonic cells. Dysregulation in the expression genes of the pluripotency gene networks including OCT4, SOX2, NANOG and REX1 have been implicated in tumor development, and have been observed to result in poorer patient outcomes. The p53 pathway is a highly important regulatory process in a multitude of cell types, including embryonic, and the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is widely regarded as being one of the most important genes involved in tumorigenesis. Dysregulations in TP53 expression, along with altered expression of developmentally originating p53 regulators such as MDM2 and MDM4 have been implicated in various cancers, leading to poorer prognosis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), the process allowing epithelial cells to undergo biochemical changes to mesenchymal phenotypes, also plays a vital role in the fate of both embryonic and neoplastic cells. Genes that regulate EMT such as Twist1, SOX9 and REX1 have been associated with an increased occurrence of EMT in cancer cells, leading to enhanced cell stemness, proliferation and metastasis. The class of RNA that does not encode for proteins, known as non-coding RNA, has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes and emerging research has shown that its dysregulation can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and differentiation. Genes that have been shown to play a role in this dysregulation include PIWIL1, LIN28A and LIN28B, and have been associated with poorer patient outcomes and more aggressive cancer subtypes. The identification of these developmentally regulated genes in tumorigenesis has proved to play an advantageous role in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and has provided researchers with a multitude of new target mechanisms for novel chemotherapeutic research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".