Methylene Blue-Modified Biochar from Sugarcane for the Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Four DNA Bases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The abnormal levels of four DNA bases, namely guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C) are implicated in several cancers, metabolic diseases, and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, the accurate detection and concentration measurement of these four DNA bases is of significant interest. Furthermore, there has recently been a push towards developing chemical sensors which are more sustainable and cost-effective. Herein, we developed a graphite paste electrode which incorporated the biochar of sugarcane and methylene blue (GPE-SC-MB) in order to simultaneously detect these four DNA bases. The linear ranges obtained for the four DNA bases are 0.67–38.67 µM for G, 0.67–126.67 µM for A, and 6.67–1600 µM for T and C. The limit-of-detection (LOD) values obtained were 0.037 μM for G, 0.042 µM for A, 4.25 μM for T, and 5.33 µM for C. The electroactive surface area of the electrode as well as the diffusion coefficients for each analyte were determined. Lastly, the GPE-SC-MB was tested in real samples using human saliva with recovery values between 99.0 and 103.0%. Thus, biochar from sugarcane proved to be an effective electrode modifier material for the development of sensitive electrochemical sensors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".