Experimental estimation of the settling velocity and drag coefficient of the hollow cylindrical particles settling in non‐ <scp>Newtonian</scp> fluids in an annular channel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The drag coefficient data of particles settling in an annular channel is very much essential for designing different solid–fluid handling equipment, such as the fluidized bed. Experimental settling velocity, wall factor, and drag coefficient data of the hollow‐cylinder particle are presented. Carboxymethyl cellulose solution has been used as the working fluid with a flow index of 0.64 ≤ n ≤ 0.91 and a consistency index of 0.31 ≤ K ≤ 1.81. The experimental results covered a wide diameter ratio range (0.14 ≤ d eq /L ≤ 0.46), hollow cylinder inner to outer diameter ratio (0.2 ≤ d i /d o ≤0.8), and Reynolds number (0.05 ≤ Re ≤ 51 and 0.09 ≤ Re ∞ ≤ 55). d eq , d i , and d o are the equivalent inner and outer diameters of the particle, L is the annular gap, and Re and Re ∞ are the Reynolds numbers in the presence and absence of the wall effect, respectively. The wall factor decreased, and the drag coefficient increased with d eq /L and d i /d o ratios. The above parameters declined with the Reynolds number. The hollow cylinder experienced a lesser wall effect than the spherical particles settling in a non‐annular channel. In some cases, the wall factor of the hollow cylinder is found to be equal to the spherical particles settling in an annular channel. The developed correlations have successfully predicted the drag coefficients of the hollow cylinder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".