Effects of Exposure to Cadmium, Microplastics, and Their Mixture on Survival, Growth, Feeding, and Life History of <i>Daphnia magna</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is concern that microplastics can act as a vector for cadmium (Cd), altering the bioavailability and subsequent toxicity of Cd to ecologically important species such as Daphnia magna. The toxicity of Cd to D. magna has been well described; however, what is not known, and what the present study addresses, was how the addition of polyethylene microplastic altered Cd toxicity. Using high-throughput feeding assays and size assessments, the present study quantified effects of exposure to Cd, microplastic, or their mixture on daphnids from neonate to adult. Exposure to Cd inhibited feeding efficiency, while exposure to microplastic inhibited growth rates of juveniles. Daphnia magna coexposed to Cd and microplastic showed significant decreases in both feeding and prereproductive growth rate. There were no differences in life-history traits across any treatments. The alterations of feeding and growth while maintaining reproductive endpoints (time to first brood, reproductive frequency, the number of neonates released at each reproductive event, and the size of neonates produced) might be the result of a shift in energy allocation away from somatic growth, allowing individuals to maintain reproductive output despite lower nutritional reserves. Our findings suggest that cocontamination of microplastic and Cd has additive effects on feeding and growth rates, resulting in a greater energy allocation shift. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1401-1408. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".