Learning to Fake It: Limited Responses and Fabricated References Provided by ChatGPT for Medical Questions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the quality of the answers and the references provided by ChatGPT for medical questions. Patients and Methods: Three researchers asked ChatGPT 20 medical questions and prompted it to provide the corresponding references. The responses were evaluated for the quality of content by medical experts using a verbal numeric scale going from 0% to 100%. These experts were the corresponding authors of the 20 articles from where the medical questions were derived. We planned to evaluate 3 references per response for their pertinence, but this was amended on the basis of preliminary results showing that most references provided by ChatGPT were fabricated. This experimental observational study was conducted in February 2023. Results: ChatGPT provided responses varying between 53 and 244 words long and reported 2 to 7 references per answer. Seventeen of the 20 invited raters provided feedback. The raters reported limited quality of the responses, with a median score of 60% (first and third quartiles: 50% and 85%, respectively). In addition, they identified major (n=5) and minor (n=7) factual errors among the 17 evaluated responses. Of the 59 references evaluated, 41 (69%) were fabricated, although they appeared real. Most fabricated citations used names of authors with previous relevant publications, a title that seemed pertinent and a credible journal format. Conclusion: When asked multiple medical questions, ChatGPT provided answers of limited quality for scientific publication. More importantly, ChatGPT provided deceptively real references. Users of ChatGPT should pay particular attention to the references provided before integration into medical manuscripts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.049 | 0.409 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".