Stimulated Germination of Chlorine-Resistant Fungal Spores during Drinking Water Chlor(am)ination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fungi represent a considerable challenge given their ubiquitous inhabitation and growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), yet the germination behavior of fungal spores in DWDSs is largely unknown. This study investigated germination of three chlorine-resistant fungal spores ( Penicillium chrysogenum, Cladosporium halotolerans, and Penicillium spinulosum ) in synthetic tap water (STW) under varying conditions of disinfectants (free chlorine, FC; monochloramine, NH 2 Cl), humic acid (HA), and pH. The germination ratios of the tested fungal spores in STW(+HA) were <10% without FC/NH 2 Cl, while surprisingly increased to a maximum of 67.5% and 44.14% with 2 mg/L FC and 0.4 mg/L NH 2 Cl, respectively, for C. halotolerans spores. With increasing initial concentrations of FC (0–4 mg/L) and NH 2 Cl (0–2 mg/L), germination ratios of C. halotolerans spores in STW+HA showed a first increasing and then decreasing trend, suggesting that the stimulation effect was outweighed by inactivation at high CT values. Nontargeted metabolomics analysis identified the decrease of several potential self-inhibitors for spore germination by chlor(am)ination. Patterns of significantly changed metabolites and pathways involving lipid, sugar, and amino acid metabolism were significantly different for C. halotolerans spores treated by FC versus NH 2 Cl. The results provide new insights into survival strategies and germination mechanisms of fungal spores in chlor(am)ine-disinfected DWDSs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".