Microwave-assisted green synthesis of monodispersed carbon micro-spheres and their antibacterial activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Well-dispersed mono-carbon microspheres were synthesized via the hydrothermal carbonization of ascorbic acid (AA) using a microwave reactor without adding any catalyst. The synthesized materials were characterized by various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques (e.g., SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, XPS, EDX, and FTIR spectroscopy), showing that the formed carbon spheres (CSs) exhibited uniform morphology and surface structure with abundant oxygen functional groups. The dimension of the formed CSs could be easily tuned by altering the AA concentration, reaction time, and temperature. A mechanism for the formation of the CSs was proposed, and their antibacterial activities were also investigated against two bacterial strains, showing the inhibition rate of 94% for E. coli and 100% for S. aureus . This biocidal activity was achieved with the pure CSs produced from the inexpensive AA (Vitamin C) via a rapid green process without any further surface modification or doping, thus promising for myriad surface coating, medical and environmental applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".