<i>Salmonella</i> Vitkin Outbreak Associated with Bearded Dragons, Canada and United States, 2020–2022
Bibliographic record
Abstract
N ontyphoidal Salmonella are consistently among the most commonly reported bacterial pathogens linked to enteric illness in Canada and the United States (1,2).In most cases, human infection is ultimately attributed to consumption of specific foods or to contact with animals (1,3,4).Persons usually show development of illness within 12-36 hours after exposure (range 6 hours-16 days), and most recover without treatment (5,6).However, children <5 years of age, adults >65 years of age, and persons with weakened immune systems are more likely to show development of invasive infections (5-7).There are >2,600 serovars of Salmonella, more than half of which belong to subspecies I (S.enterica subsp.enterica) and can cause human and animal illness (8-10).Although many Salmonella serovars are predominantly associated with reptiles and amphibians, most of these have low-to-moderate zoonotic potential and are believed to account for <1% of human salmonellosis, mainly affecting persons with weakened immune systems and small children (11).The burden of Salmonella caused by specific serovars varies by country and region, partially because of the distribution of reservoir animal species and because of local food preparation and dietary preferences.Although some serovars, such as Typhimurium and Enteritidis, are globally distributed, others, such as Heidelberg and Newport, are more commonly found in North America (10,12).In June 2022, Public Health Ontario (PHO) noted 2 cases of a rare Salmonella serovar (Salmonella enterica serovar Vitkin [Salmonella Vitkin]) reported by a local public health unit.The cases were closely related (within 2 alleles based on core-genome multilocus sequence typing [cgMLST]), and onset dates were 4 weeks apart, suggestive of a common exposure.No cases of Salmonella Vitkin were reported in Ontario or elsewhere in Canada for at least 14 years Salmonella Vitkin Outbreak Associated with Bearded Dragons, Canada and United States,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".