An Overview of Syntheses of Salvinorin A and its Analogues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Salvinorin A is a powerful hallucinogen in humans, and a selective, high efficacy agonist of the kappa‐opioid receptor (κ‐OR). Salvinorin A is the first plant‐derived ligand with high selectivity for κ‐OR over other receptors, its structure is unrelated to any known opioid receptor ligands, even lacking any nitrogenous moieties. Mechanistically and pharmacologically, salvinorin A is distinct from other known hallucinogens in humans, making it the only selective κ‐OR ligand to gain wide‐spread interest outside of research. Structurally, salvinorin A bares a highly functionalized trans ‐decalin core, containing two quaternary centers, and is fused to a δ ‐lactone baring a furan moiety. Synthetic access of salvinorin A has been elusive due to a highly sensitive epimerizable center at carbon 8 (C8). All these features make salvinorin A a highly challenging synthetic target. With multiple synthetic efforts from around the world, only nine completed syntheses have been achieved to date. This review is intended to provide a look at the key strategies used to achieve the syntheses reported to date. We will summarize the efforts towards the syntheses of salvinorin A starting from Evans in 2007 to Barriault in 2023.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".