Not all patient-reported outcome measures are equivalent at two years compared to one year after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction based on a retrospective analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To assess for clinically important differences in patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) at one- and two-years post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods A retrospective comparison of prospectively collected PROMs for a single cohort who underwent a primary ACLR with or without associated meniscal surgery from 2016 to 2020 was assessed. Six externally validated PROMs were collected pre-operatively and at standardized times post-operatively. Descriptive statistics and paired equivalence testing of PROMs at one- and two-years after surgery was completed using previously published or calculated minimal clinically important differences as upper and lower equivalence limits. A repeated measures analysis of PROMs that were not clinically equivalent at one- and two-years after surgery was completed to assess for a clinically significant difference. Subgroup analyses based on sex, age and associated meniscal injury were completed. Results One-hundred and forty-five participants with a mean age of 28.7 years (standard deviation: 9.9 years) were included in the final analysis. All PROMs were clinically equivalent at two- compared to one-year after ACLR except the Quality of Life and Sport and Recreation domains of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). The Quality of Life (mean difference (MD):12.3, P < 0.01, effect size (η 2 ): 0.65) and Sport and Recreation (MD: 8.78, P < 0.01, η 2 : 0.50) domains of the KOOS were clinically different at two- compared to one-year post-operatively. No major differences were found in the subgroup analyses compared to the entire included sample. Conclusion While most PROMs were equivalent at two- compared to one-year after ACLR, the Quality of Life and Sport and Recreation domains of the KOOS, which reflect knee performance during higher demand activities exhibited a clinically significant difference. Level of Evidence IV
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.021 | 0.036 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".