Data and figures for "A half-century of global collaboration in science and the 'Shrinking World'"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>This package supplements the paper entitled <i>"A half-century of global collaboration in science and the 'Shrinking World'"</i> published in <i>Quantitative Science Studies</i> (doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00268">10.1162/qss_a_00268</a>).</p><p>It contains the datasets and figures used in the original paper based on bibliometric data from a broad set of scientific publications (works), including journal articles, preprints and datasets; see the subfolder named "all_works".</p><p>In addition, for reference, it also contains datasets and figures based on bibliometric data from journal articles only; see the subfolder named "journal_only". The bottom-level files in this subfolder are suffixed with '_j' for identification.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Contents and Instructions</strong></p><p>The datasets and figures in this package are based on the data obtained via <a href="https://docs.openalex.org/api/">OpenAlex API</a>. See the original paper for details. The following file and folders are found at the next level of the subfolders named "all_works" or "journal_only".</p><p> </p><p><strong>- nworks_intlrate_master</strong> (.csv file)</p><ul><li>This file contains information on the number of works ('nworks_all') produced in each of the 15 research disciplines ('discipline' and 'disc_ID'; see below) by 18 countries (Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, UK and US) ('country' and 'country_code') from 1970 to 2021 ('year'), the number of international collaborative works among them ('nworks_intl'), and the international collaboration rate ('intlrate') calculated from the ratio of the two.</li><li>The 15 disciplines are Artificial Intelligence ('disc_ID' = 1; 'ai'), Quantum Science (2; 'quantum'), Biotechnology (3; 'bio'), Nanotechnology (4; 'nano'), Agricultural Engineering (5; 'agri'), Particle Physics (6; 'particle'), Aerospace Engineering (7; 'aerospace'), Nuclear Engineering (8; 'nuclear'), Marine Engineering (9; 'marine'), Neuroscience (10; 'neuro'), Condensed Matter Physics (11; 'condensed'), Environmental Engineering (12; 'envi'), Earth Science (13; 'earth'), Astronomy (14; 'astro') and Pure Mathematics (15; 'math'). See the original paper for the definitions of these disciplines.</li><li>The figures contained in the folders '[line]_nworks' and '[line]_intlrate' are based on this dataset.</li></ul><p> </p><p><strong> - [line]_nworks</strong> (Folder)</p><ul><li>This folder contains line plots (.pdf/.png) representing the trends in the number of works by discipline and country, corresponding to the left-hand side diagrams of Fig. 1 and Suppl. Fig. S2 in the v1 preprint.</li></ul><p> </p><p><strong>- [line]_intlrate</strong> (Folder)</p><ul><li>This folder contains line plots (.pdf/.png) representing the trends in the international collaboration rate by discipline and country, corresponding to the right-hand side diagrams of Fig. 1 and Suppl. Fig. S2 in the v1 preprint.</li></ul><p> </p><p><strong>- [chord]_bilateral</strong> (Folder)</p><ul><li>This folder contains chord diagrams (.pdf/.png) representing the bilateral collaborative relationships by discipline and period, corresponding to Fig. 2 and Suppl. Fig. S4 in the v1 preprint. The number at the end of the file name indicates the period represented by the diagram; specifically, '1' = 1971–1990, '2' = 1991–2000, '3' = 2001–2010 and '4' = 2011–2020.</li><li>The raw data (.xlsx) to reproduce the contained diagrams are also provided by discipline in the accompanied 'Data' folder. The file named '[list]_nworks_(discipline name).xlsx' shows, for the top 30 countries ('country' and 'country_code') in work production during the period indicated by the sheet name, their work production ('nworks_all'), the number of international collaborative works among them ('nworks_intl'), and the international collaboration rate ('intlrate') calculated from the ratio of the two. The file named '[mat]_bilat_nworks_(discipline name)' shows the number of works produced by each country pair during the period indicated by the sheet name. Country names are abbreviated by two-letter country codes (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2).</li></ul><p> </p><p><strong>- [dend]_hcluster</strong> (Folder)</p><ul><li>This folder contains circularised dendrograms (.pdf/.png) representing the international research collaboration clusters by discipline and period, corresponding to Fig. 3 and Suppl. Fig. S5 in the v1 preprint.</li><li>The raw data (.xlsx) to reproduce the contained diagrams are also provided by discipline in the accompanied 'Data' folder. The file named '[mat]_bilat_dist_(discipline name)' shows the distance between each country pair for the period indicated by the sheet name, calculated based on the formula presented in the original paper. Country names are abbreviated by two-letter country codes (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2).</li></ul>
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".