Rapid assessment of jet engine-like soot from combustion of conventional and sustainable aviation fuels using flame spray pyrolysis
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Black carbon, or soot, is one of the highest contributors to global warming. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has adopted regulatory standards for soot from aircraft engines, also referred to as a nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM), to limit or reduce the harmful impacts of nvPM on the environment. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) offer advantages to reduce soot emissions and overall environmental impact but require extensive testing and evaluation before wider adoption. Typical measurements of soot produced by combustion of aviation fuels require full-sized jet engines and large volumes of fuel, which can be prohibitively expensive. This study investigates flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) as a simple bench-top tool for comparison of soot emissions from the combustion of different liquid jet fuels. A sampling assembly is designed for soot collection and analysis. Morphological analysis follows from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis and mobility (differential mobility analyzer) classification. Morphologies are compared to previous measurements from aircraft turbines. Soot agglomerate size distributions and elemental to total carbon ratios (EC/TC) are measured for three liquid fuels and flame conditions with Reynolds numbers and burner equivalence ratios ranging from 6100 to 9100 and 7 to 13, respectively. Day-to-day variations in the dilution ratio resulted in up to 20% variability in the measured total agglomerate number-based concentration and mobility diameter. Geometric mean primary particle and mobility diameter values are below 21 and 104 nm, respectively, in excellent agreement with those emitted from jet engines and prior work using FSP. EC/TC remains >0.75 for most flame conditions and fuels and increases with burner equivalence ratio, but values as low as 0.63 are measured from SAF combustion.Copyright © 2024 American Association for Aerosol Research
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it