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From the standard model to M-theory: The development of string theory

2024· article· en· W4401035579 on OpenAlex
C. Wen

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueTheoretical and Natural Science · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicBlack Holes and Theoretical Physics
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSuperstring theoryNon-critical string theoryString phenomenologyRelationship between string theory and quantum field theoryHeterotic string theoryPhysicsGreen–Schwarz mechanismString field theoryString theoryTheoretical physicsType I string theoryQuantum gravityTheory of everything (philosophy)Compactification (mathematics)SupersymmetryString (physics)String cosmologyParticle physicsQuantum mechanicsMathematicsQuantumPure mathematicsEpistemology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

String theory is now the most competitive theory of quantum gravity, and it takes an important role in theoretical physics. In this article, we introduced why we need string theory and how string theory is formed. The importance of string theory is described through general relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics. String theory is originally discovered to describe strong interaction. While a better model for strong interaction was developed, string theory was found to be a candidate for a theory about quantum gravity. The first version of string theory is the bosonic string theory, which was constructed in 26-dimensional space and used to describe bosons. After supersymmetry was introduced, the dimensions were reduced to 10, and the theory is hence called the superstring theory. In the first superstring revolution, 5 different superstring theories were constructed and compactified on the 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifold. In the second superstring revolution, the idea of different dualities was introduced in string, as well as D-branes. Hence, it was found that the 5 different superstrings can be unified to get the 11-dimensional M-theory.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.134
Threshold uncertainty score0.957

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.003
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.255
Teacher spread0.248 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it