Phenolic Fractions from Walnut Milk Residue: Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Potential
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Walnut milk residues (WMR) were investigated for the first time through their phenolic characterization including soluble (free, esterified, and etherified) phenolics and those released from their insoluble-bound form (insoluble-bound phenolic hydrolysates, IBPHs) and their antioxidant properties. Free phenolics were recovered and alkaline or acid hydrolysis were used to recover the remaining phenolic fractions. Total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and their antioxidant activity were analyzed by Folin–Ciocalteu, FRAP, and ORAC methods, respectively. Soluble phenolics (free + esterified + etherified fractions) showed a higher TPC (275.3 mg GAE 100 g−1 dw) and antioxidant activity (FRAP: 138.13 µmol TE g−1 dw; ORAC: 45.41 µmol TE g−1 dw) with respect to the IBPH. There was a significant correlation between TPC and FRAP and ORAC values regardless of the fraction and tested sample. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified and quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Gallic acid, mainly in the free form (3061.0 µg 100 g−1), was the most representative, followed by biochanin A, identified for the first time in a walnut product and mostly present in the fraction released from the esterified form (593.75 µg 100 g−1). No detrimental cytotoxic impact on Caco-2 cells was observed. Hence, WMR could be considered a potential source for the development of nutraceutical and/or antioxidant food additives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".