Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Special Theory of Relativity (STR) has equalized resting mass with energy, the latter being proportional to the squared speed of light (c) (E = mc2). This value exactly doubles the kinetic energy of a mass moving at c speed (E = 1/2mc2). Therefore, E = mc2 could be kinetically explained within the framework of a previously described, four-dimensional (4D) universe (U4D) where the 3D space in which we live (U3D) moves at c speed along its fourth dimension. We have shown that the counterintuitive effects on kinematics and dynamics of the STR can be explained as a misperception of the 4D reality when projected to U3D. Based on this universe model, E = mc2 could be interpreted as the sum of the kinetic energy associated with the mass, due to its displacement together with U3D along the fourth dimension, plus the variation of the kinetic energy of U3D itself when the mass is either annihilated or created, due to the principle of momentum conservation. This kinetic interpretation of E = mc2 provides a new framework for our understanding of the Universe through a new-Newtonian perspective. Importantly, our results provide a way to experimentally test our universe model and, additionally, to estimate the mass present in U3D.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".