Informant characteristics are associated with the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes scores in the Alzheimer’s Disease patients participating in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) is a widely used measurement score to stage dementia severity; it has become one of the most common outcome measurements in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) research. The CDR-SB requires an informant to provide information to stage a patient's dementia severity. The effect of the informant's characteristics including sex and relationship with patients on the CDR-SB is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the informant's sex and relationship to the patient on the CDR-SB scores in patients with Alzheimer's Disease with mild cognitive impairment or dementia included in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set (NACC-UDS). METHOD: We included all participants from the NACC-UDS that had AD as the principal diagnosis, with information about the Mini-Mental State Examination or Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores, and informant sex and relationship to patient; we also analyzed the possible interaction between these characteristics, and the outcome was the CDR-SB. We performed a conditional growth model using multilevel linear regression analysis. RESULT: We included data from 20636 participants, totalling 47727 visits with a median of 2 (1-4) visits. Patients' age at the initial visit was 74.0±9.4 years and 54.1% were females. Informant characteristics were mean 66.2±13.2 years of age, 69.1% were females, and the relationship to patients was 60.5% spouse or partner, 26.7% children and 12.8% other relation. The CDR-SB scores were 0.20 (CI 95%: 0.11 to 0.29) higher when the informant was female. When comparing to informant's relationship with the baseline being spouse or partner, the CDR-SB was 0.39 (CI 95%: 0.25 to 0.53) higher when the informant was the child of the patient and 0.18 (CI 95%: -0.35 to -0.01) lower if other relationship. The only significant interaction was between informant relationships other than spouse or child and female patients where the scores were 0.24 (CI95%: 0.03 to 0.46) higher. CONCLUSION: We found that the CDR-SB scores are significantly modified according to informant characteristics in the NACC-UDS patients with AD diagnosis. These results are clinically relevant because informant characteristics should not affect AD patient staging, and future research should evaluate how to manage these confounding variables.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".