Biochar produced from pressed palm fibre to removal β‐carotene from crude palm oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Adsorbents produced from the reuse of pressed palm fibres, a residue derived from the palm oil extraction process, are an alternative to commercial adsorbents for the removal of β‐carotene from crude palm oil. Two adsorbents produced by the pyrolysis of pressed palm fibres were analyzed, where one was chemically activated with phosphoric acid and the other was not activated. Under the conditions studied, biochar activated with phosphoric acid presented an adsorption capacity of 2.99 mg g −1 and 86% β‐carotene removal. The results of kinetic tests indicated that the pseudo‐second order (PSO) model revealed the best fit to the experimental data. The isothermal curves suggested the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model adjusted better for the isotherms of 30, 40, and 50°C, while the Freundlich model was the one that best described the isotherm of 60°C. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, favourable, and endothermic. Furthermore, the activated biochar showed a significant reduction in phosphorus content, indicating an alternative to commercial adsorbents (bleaching earths) traditionally used in the crude palm oil refining process, while also aligning with the principles of the circular economy. Analyses were carried out to characterize the adsorbent material and quantify the oil quality parameters.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".