Vanadium recovery from oil sands petcoke fly ash: A comprehensive techno-economic assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Cost estimates for the recovery of vanadium from petcoke fly ash were developed. • The recovery cost is $18.77/kg V 2 O 5 for a plant capacity of 16,000 tonnes per year. • Gas treatment and consumables domain the recovery cost. • The minimum profitable plant capacity is 45,100 tonnes per year. • The variation of removal cost of CO 2 impacts the most the vanadium recovery cost. Bitumen-derived petcoke contains significant quantities of vanadium, recoverable from the fly ash formed during combustion. Despite efforts to process vanadium recovery from petcoke, detailed cost information, critical for stakeholders and decision-makers, remains absent in the public domain. To address this gap, we developed data-intensive techno-economic models specifically for vanadium recovery from petcoke fly ash. The considered route involves roasting with NaCl, followed by water-leaching and vanadium precipitation. Through process modeling, we performed material and energy balances, sized equipment, assessed capital and operating costs, and determined the vanadium cost. For instance, a plant processing 16,000 tonnes of fly ash annually recovers 404 tonnes of vanadium pentoxide at $18.77/kg V 2 O 5 . Operating expenses constitute 88% of the total recovery cost, dominated by labor, gas cleaning, solid waste disposal, feedstock, and consumables. The developed scale factors reveal that production costs vary with plant size; currently, the cost exceeds market prices, but profitability could be achieved with a threefold increase in capacity. Uncertainty analysis indicates a vanadium cost ranging from $16.88 to $25.80 per kg V 2 O 5 , with a mean of $21.15/kg V 2 O 5 . Key cost drivers include carbon removal from off-gases, the on-stream factor, and solid waste management. Strategies such as alternative means of fly ash decarbonization and the use of leaching solid cake in commercial applications could significantly reduce production costs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".