The role of water and energy in food security among smallholder farmers in Semi-Arid Ghana
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water, energy, and food (WEF) insecurities are significant issues that are being worsened by climate change. Smallholder farmers in semi-arid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa are among the most vulnerable to these insecurities. Adopting integrated approaches to address these insecurities is critical to achieving sustainable development goals (SDG6, SDG7, and SDG2). Our study takes a household-centric approach to investigate the relationship between water and energy and food insecurity. The results from ordered logistic regression show that households facing water (OR = 2.709, p < 0.001) and energy (OR = 2.690, p < 0.001) insecurity were more likely to experience food insecurity. Similarly, households with chronically ill members (OR = 2.896, p < 0.001) were more likely prone to food insecurity compared to those without. Households in which overall health was perceived as good were less likely to be food insecured (OR = 0.479, p < 0.001) compared to those with poor health. The findings highlight the interdependence of WEF, underscoring the need for integrated policies to tackle these challenges comprehensively in semi-arid regions. In this context, the focus should be on interventions that target improving water and energy security, leading to long-term improvements in food security.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it