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Record W4407215773 · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0004156

Comparing apples with apples: A proposed taxonomy for “Community Health Workers” and other front-line health workers for international comparisons

2025· review· en· W4407215773 on OpenAlexafffund
Stephen Hodgins, Uta Lehmann, Henry B. Perry, Nicholas Leydon, Kerry Scott, Smisha Agarwal, Hannah Marcus, Rajani Ved, Elijah Olivas, Madeleine Ballard, Dickson Mbewe, Margaret Odera, Sherlie Petit Homme, Benard Otieno, Pasipano Wutete, Angeline Chikumba, Prossy Muyingo, John Kyakuha, Emmanuel Harcourt, Md Fozur Rahman Chowdhury, David Musoke, Thadee Niyoyitungira, Abimbola Olaniran, John Koku Awoonor‐Williams, Lívia Milena Barbosa de Deus e Méllo, Romário Correia dos Santos, Ram Shrestha, Salim Sadruddin, Eric Sarriot, Maryse Kok, Bhanu Pratap

Bibliographic record

VenuePLOS Global Public Health · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldHealth Professions
TopicFood Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
FundersUniversity of AlbertaBill and Melinda Gates Foundation
KeywordsPublic relationsGovernment (linguistics)Community healthCommunity health workersTaxonomy (biology)RubricNexus (standard)Service delivery frameworkPolitical scienceKnowledge managementSociologyService (business)BusinessNursingMedicineHealth servicesEnvironmental healthComputer sciencePublic healthMarketingEcologyPopulation

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This paper proposes a taxonomy for Community Health Workers (CHWs) and others engaged in front-line community health activities, encompassing formally-employed workers extending government primary health care (PHC) service delivery as well as a range of other actors with roles at the nexus of government PHC and communities. The taxonomy is grounded in current definitions from the World Health Organization and the International Labor Organization, and proposes some refinements for future iterations of guidance from these agencies. The designation, "Community Health Worker" is currently used to cover a broad range of roles. Furthermore, there are programs engaging workers or community members in roles closely adjacent to those generally recognized as CHWs that use other designations, not commonly included under the rubric of "CHW". This potentially confusing range of roles and nomenclature leads at times to over-generalizations, applying insights and principles relevant for one type of worker or community member that are not necessarily relevant for another. It also leads to a failure to consider occupational groups not commonly thought of as CHWs-but engaged in PHC service delivery at the most peripheral level-in community-based-PHC planning and management arrangements. Building on ILO and WHO classifications and standards, a further clarification of terms and a taxonomy is proposed, with the intention of contributing to clearer communication and shared understanding and, ultimately, sounder community health policy, program planning, and implementation; and more substantial progress towards Universal Health Coverage.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.007
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies, Research integrity
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.515
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0070.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0050.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0070.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.003
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.552
GPT teacher head0.515
Teacher spread0.037 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations14
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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