Inverse Transformation of Glycine by Crystal Size Control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study proposed a method for inverse phase transformation of stable γ-glycine into metastable α-glycine by using the characteristic that solubility increases as crystal size decreases according to the Ostwald–Freundlich equation. First, we measured the change in solubility according to the particle size of glycine. The solubility of γ-glycine bulk crystals at 10 °C in water was 173 g/L, and when the crystal size decreased to about 0.9 μm, the solubility increased to about 185 g/L. This concentration was higher than the solubility of α-glycine bulk crystals, 180 g/L. Based on the above results, γ-glycine can be inverse transformed into α-glycine in aqueous solution. To demonstrate this inverse transformation, in a glycine solution, γ-glycine crystals with a size of about 2 μm were ground with glass beads for 24 h to reduce the crystal size to about 0.8 μm. And the concentration of the solution was made higher than the solubility of α-glycine bulk. α-Glycine bulk crystals (about 110 μm) were placed into this solution and grown to 170 μm. Through this, inverse phase transformation was achieved in which γ-glycine crystals were dissolved and α-glycine crystals grew. The above inverse phase transformation process was confirmed using a microscope, XRD, and ATR–FTIR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".