Inverse Transformation of Glycine by Crystal Size Control
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study proposed a method for inverse phase transformation of stable γ-glycine into metastable α-glycine by using the characteristic that solubility increases as crystal size decreases according to the Ostwald–Freundlich equation. First, we measured the change in solubility according to the particle size of glycine. The solubility of γ-glycine bulk crystals at 10 °C in water was 173 g/L, and when the crystal size decreased to about 0.9 μm, the solubility increased to about 185 g/L. This concentration was higher than the solubility of α-glycine bulk crystals, 180 g/L. Based on the above results, γ-glycine can be inverse transformed into α-glycine in aqueous solution. To demonstrate this inverse transformation, in a glycine solution, γ-glycine crystals with a size of about 2 μm were ground with glass beads for 24 h to reduce the crystal size to about 0.8 μm. And the concentration of the solution was made higher than the solubility of α-glycine bulk. α-Glycine bulk crystals (about 110 μm) were placed into this solution and grown to 170 μm. Through this, inverse phase transformation was achieved in which γ-glycine crystals were dissolved and α-glycine crystals grew. The above inverse phase transformation process was confirmed using a microscope, XRD, and ATR–FTIR.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it