Multimodal brain cell atlas across the adult macaque lifespan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY High-throughput single-cell omics of non-human primate tissues present a remarkable opportunity to study primate brain aging. Here, we introduce a transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility landscape of 1,985,317 cells from eight brain regions of 13 cynomolgus female monkeys spanning adult lifespan including exceptionally old individuals up to 29-years old. This dataset uncovers dynamic molecular changes in critical brain functions such as synaptic communication and axon myelination, exhibiting a high degree of cell type and brain region specificity. We identify the multicellular networks of the pons and medulla as a previously unrecognized hotspot for aging. Furthermore, comparative analyses with human neurodegeneration datasets highlight both shared and distinct mechanisms contributing to aging and disease. In addition, we uncover transcription factors implicated in monkey brain aging and pinpoint aging-regulated loci linked to longevity and neurodegeneration. This spatiotemporal atlas will advance our understanding of primate brain aging and its broader implications for health and disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".