A New Trend to Introduce a Biocompatible Drug Carrier Based on Immunoglobulin for Prolonged Release of Palladium (II) Complex as an Anticancer Agent: Drug Release and Cytotoxicity Assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Severe side effects and low chemotherapy efficacy remain challenges in cancer treatment. Therefore, this research is aimed at investigating a colloidal drug nanocarrier based on immunoglobulin nanoparticles (IgGNPs) for sustained release of an anticancer agent. A novel palladium (II) complex (PBD) loaded to IgGNPs and its formation (PBD@IgGNP) was characterized by FTIR, DLS, and AFM techniques. The size of designed system was 797 ± 121 nm, with a particle size distribution and surface charge greater than those of IgGNP indicating the conjugation of PBD and IgGNP. The release behavior indicated that 33.66% of PBD and 12.76% of encapsulated PBD in IgGNP were released at 579 h, while carboplatin was completely released at 216 h. The release mechanism followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model and non‐Fickian law. Other kinetic parameters of the release are also presented. Furthermore, MTT assay showed that IC50 values of PBD and PBD@IgGNP on breast cancer cells, 4T1, were 0.75 mM while 78% of the cells were viable at the same concentration of carboplatin. DAPI, AO/EB, and PCR staining indicated that the apoptotic induction of PBD@IgGNP was greater than PBD. Moreover, in vivo results confirmed the apoptotic induction and inhibition of tumor growth in the presence of PBD@IgGNP. These valuable achievements proposed a potential nanocarrier to increase the apoptotic induction and effectiveness of anticancer drugs and decrease their side effects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".