Hiding in Plain Sight: Polymorphs of Riluzole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Riluzole is a glutamate modulator approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1995 for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the drug is typically formulated as a solid in tablets for oral administration, little has been published about the crystallinity, structure, and polymorphism of the compound. We have found that riluzole can exist in at least three crystalline forms: a previously reported triclinic P 1̅ Form I and two new monoclinic P 2 1 / c Forms II and III. The relative stability of the forms has been established, and the structure of the form used commercially has been determined. Our study illustrates the difficulty of characterizing polymorphic landscapes when different forms have close structural relationships, when crystallites tend to adopt preferred orientations that complicate the analysis of powder diffractograms, and when computational predictions of structures with high values of Z ′ remain challenging. Because riluzole has a compact structure incorporating diverse functionality, including an aromatic core, fluorination, and a capacity for hydrogen bonding, its polymorphism is a subject of special interest at a time when the number of fluorinated drugs is growing rapidly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".