Effects of calf starter, weaning, and butyrate supplementation on hindgut gene expression in Holstein calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to elucidate the impacts of calf starter intake, weaning, and rumen-protected butyrate supplementation on hindgut enterocyte proliferation, barrier integrity, and immune responses of dairy calves. Thirty-six Holstein bull calves (age = 10.7 ± 4.1 days) were assigned to a pre-weaning or post-weaning group. Pre-weaning groups include PRE-M (fed milk replacer; n = 9) and PRE-S (fed milk replacer, hay, and calf starter; n = 9), and were euthanized at 6 weeks. Post-weaning groups include POST-S (fed milk replacer, hay, and starter; n = 9) and POST-B (fed milk replacer, hay, and starter, which was supplemented with 1% wt/wt butyrate during weaning; n = 9), were weaned from weeks 7 to 8, and euthanized at 9 weeks. Milk replacer was allotted at 1200 g/day, with ad libitum water (all groups), starter, and hay (PRE-S, POST-S, POST-B). Upon slaughter, cecal, proximal colonic, and distal colonic tissue were harvested. Immune-related genes IL17A, TLR4, and TLR10 were higher in PRE-M compared to all other treatments. Overall, calf starter intake, weaning, and butyrate had no effect on hindgut enterocyte proliferation or barrier integrity, but calf starter and weaning reduced IL17A, TLR4, and TLR10 expression.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".