Betulinic Acid Delays Turnip Mosaic Virus Infection by Activating the Phytosulfokine Signalling Pathway in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant viral diseases pose a significant threat to agricultural production, and the availability of effective drugs against viral diseases remains limited. In this study, we discovered that betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from plants, delays infection by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BA treatment specifically induced the expression of N. benthamiana phytosulfokine 3 (NbPSK3), a plant pentapeptide hormone with diverse functions, while TuMV infection suppressed its expression. Further study demonstrated that NbPSK3 positively regulates antiviral defence against TuMV infection. Disruption of PSK signalling by targeting the membrane-bound PSK receptors (PSKRs) promoted viral infection. Additionally, exogenous sulphonated PSK (active form) treatment significantly delayed infection by TuMV in N. benthamiana compared to unmodified PSK peptides (dPSK, inactive form) or control treatments, while silencing the receptor NbPSKR1 abolished the ability of PSK to inhibit TuMV infection. Moreover, the inhibition of TuMV infection by BA is dependent on the PSK-PSKR signalling pathway. Overall, these findings not only underscore the potential of BA as a promising and environmentally friendly agent for modulating plant viral diseases but also emphasise the role of the PSK signalling pathway in promoting at least partial resistance to TuMV, which might have interest for crop breeding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".