Effect of Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole on Biofilm Formation of Multi-Drug Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is considered a significant challenge due to its ability to resist antibiotics and form biofilms.UPEC biofilm formers are well protected and largely inaccessible to antibiotics, which leads to persistent infections and evasion of the host immune system.Understanding how ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole affect biofilm formation is essential for improving treatment strategies for urinary tract infections (UTIs).A total of 76 UPEC isolates were obtained from Iraqi patients and identified using morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as the Vitek-2 Compact system.Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the Vitek-2 system, which is based on CLSI standards, followed by agar diffusion assays to determine MIC, sub-MIC (SMIC), and sub-sub-MIC (SSMIC).A 96-well microtiter plate assay was used to quantify the biofilm-forming ability of UPEC isolates and to evaluate the effects of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on UPEC biofilms.The MICs of ciprofloxacin were 4 g/mL for resistant isolates and 0.25 g/mL for sensitive ones.For trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, MICs were 320 g/mL for resistant isolates and 20 g/mL for sensitive isolates.Ciprofloxacin inhibited biofilm formation at SSMIC (1 g/mL) and SMIC (2 g/mL).Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole also showed inhibitory effects, although to a lesser extent than ciprofloxacin.In pre-formed biofilms, ciprofloxacin influenced biofilm integrity at MIC (4 g/mL), SMIC (2 g/mL), and SSMIC (1 g/mL), while trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed variable effects.Both ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were capable of inhibiting biofilm formation; however, their efficacy varied.Despite their ability to inhibit initial biofilm formation, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole appeared to promote the persistence of already formed UPEC biofilms.Determining the precise concentrations of these antibiotics is essential for effectively managing UTIs caused by UPEC biofilmforming strains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".