A Study of the Influence of Sodium Alginate Molecular Weight and Its Crosslinking on the Properties of Potato Peel Waste-Based Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study develops a sustainable biopolymer film derived from potato peel waste (PW), enhanced with low- and high-viscosity sodium alginate (SA) through a solution casting method. The effect of calcium chloride crosslinking on the PW/SA composites was also evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that SA incorporation improved the film’s cohesion and uniformity, with both low- and high-viscosity SA showing nearly similar effects. Both the addition of SA and crosslinking led to enhanced tensile strength, as well as improved moisture barrier properties, by lowering the water vapor permeability (WVP) factor. The inclusion of high-viscosity SA (hvSA) resulted in superior mechanical and moisture barrier properties compared to the low-viscosity SA (lvSA), achieving a tensile strength of 5.34 MPa, with a 68% improvement compared to the pure PW film. The WVP analysis showed that hvSA had a superior impact, leading to a 32% reduction in WVP compared to the pure film. Crosslinking further boosted the tensile strength and moisture barrier properties. The crosslinked hvSA/PW composite shows the highest tensile strength among all samples, measuring 6.47 MPa, which accounts for a 104% enhancement compared to the pure film. It also led to a 34% reduction in WVP, reaching a value of 1.58 × 10−12 g/(Pa·cm·s). The findings demonstrate that PW/SA composites, especially the crosslinked hvSA/PW, offer the highest mechanical and barrier properties, making them suitable for biodegradable packaging and biomedical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".