Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Dysglossia, Resonance Disorders and Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
History taking in dysglossia, resonance disorders and velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) is described inter alia, considering information about possible genetic and environmental factors and the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal anamnesis, as well as the overall health status, conservative and operative therapy. Perceptual resonance examination tests, palpation and inspection of speech organs, including functional endoscopy and instrumental tests to achieve objective findings are presented. The evaluation of speech parameters is defined. Special diagnostic procedures are explained concerning orofacial myofunctional disorders. The examination of the cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X and XII is demonstrated. History taking, special test instruments and assessment materials are discussed for performing oral motor and speech motor examination protocols. After describing the basic ultrasound equipment, indications for labial sonography are defined. Aspects of the auditory-perceptual evaluation of the velopharyngeal function are mentioned considering hypernasality, nasal air emission, turbulence, articulation errors and intelligibility as parameters to be evaluated. The choice of rating scales is discussed. Nasal airflow and air pressure measurements are presented. The fibre-optic evaluation of velopharyngeal function is described, presenting endoscopic findings and therapeutic consequences. Different classification systems of cleft (lip and) palate are introduced. After the explanation of the basics of spectrography, spectrographic features of nasality and spectrographic analysis of hypernasal speech are described, and perspectives are discussed. The principle of nasometry is introduced, examples of nasalance measurements are given, speech material and normative values are displayed. Options of velopharyngeal muscle electromyography are discussed. Imaging procedures for assessing the velopharyngeal sphincter during speech are introduced, focusing on video-nasopharyngoscopy and videofluoroscopy. Presenting many examples, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dynamic imaging (MRI) and other radiological procedures for assessing resonance disorders, such as computed tomography (CT) and lateral radiography, are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".