A prospective study of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging correlates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by dopaminergic neuron loss, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. Cognitive impairment in PD (PD-CI), ranging from mild cognitive deficits to dementia, significantly reduces quality of life and increases caregiver burden. This study aims to identify predictors of PD-CI, potentially supporting early interventions. Methods: This one-year prospective observational study included 80 idiopathic PD patients recruited from Al-Azhar University Hospitals. Inclusion followed the Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for PD, with evaluations conducted at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Patients underwent clinical assessments [Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, Part III (UPDRS-III), Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)], cognitive evaluations [Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and laboratory testing. Exclusion criteria included conditions such as cerebellar abnormalities, early dementia diagnoses, and other Parkinsonism causes. Results: Cognitive impairment was observed in 41.25% of patients. Those with cognitive impairment were older, had a longer disease duration, and exhibited higher fasting blood glucose (FBS) levels and lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels compared to patients without cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). Brain atrophy was detected in 4 (5%) patients in a subset of patients with PD, which was particularly pronounced in regions associated with cognitive function, such as the hippocampus and frontal lobe. Higher H-Y, UPDRS-III, and BDI scores correlated with cognitive decline, while lower MoCA and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) scores predicted impairment (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cognitive impairment in PD is associated with advanced age, longer disease duration, metabolic factors, and structural brain changes. These findings suggest the potential for a predictive model to identify early cognitive decline in PD, enabling timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".