Bilayer Flow Analysis of Immiscible Fluids in a Microchannel with Surface Heterogeneities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present work, the interfacial displacements and dynamics caused by the electro-osmotic flows of two immiscible and perfect dielectric fluid layers through a wavy microchannel are analytically investigated in the presence of an axially periodic surface potential, considering the small deformation of the liquid-liquid interface. Our ultimate objective is to convey various configurations of the evolved liquid-liquid interface and the electroosmotic flow (EOF) dynamics influenced by both the heterogeneous surface potential and the modulated channel topology and to enhance the disturbance along the liquid-liquid interface generating swirling flow dynamics, which may be used to design controlled superimposed flow systems with applications in various processes such as surface coating, molecular mixing and reaction along the interface, cleaning, and decontamination, as well as in a host of multipurpose microfluidic devices. The permittivity and viscosity jump along the liquid-liquid interface significantly change the velocity field in both the fluid layers, and therefore, to preserve a continuous interfacial velocity, the flow field needs to perform net work that leads to the deformation of the liquid-liquid interface. Closed-form solutions for the potential field, electroosmotic velocity field, and deformed liquid-liquid interface are obtained utilizing domain perturbation analysis. Based on our analysis, it is observed that the main factors influencing the deformation and subsequent flow features are the channel geometry, and our results show that the sinusoidal wavy charged surface leads to an increase of the interfacial contact area between the two fluids despite their reduced drag force, as well as higher interfacial tension values and enhanced pressure gradient with high-frequency fluctuations compared to straight channels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".