Mature Dendritic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles are Potent Mucosal Adjuvants for Influenza Hemagglutinin Vaccines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess intrinsic immunomodulatory properties, making them potential vaccine adjuvants. Here, we show that EVs from mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (mDC-EVs), rather than those from immature dendritic cells (imDC-EVs), are potent mucosal adjuvants for influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines. In vitro, mDC-EVs exhibited intriguing immune-stimulating effects on various antigen-presenting cells, including DCs, macrophages, and B cells. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with mDC-EVs-adjuvanted A/Aichi/2/1968 (H3N2) HA (H3+mDC-EVs) significantly enhanced and expanded both systemic and mucosal antibody and cellular immune responses in female Balb/c mice. These responses offered complete protection against bodyweight loss following homologous and heterologous virus challenges. Mechanistically, H3+mDC-EVs immunization promoted enhanced airway immune cell recruitment, distinct antigen cellular uptake, and rapid activation of B and T cells within 24 h. It also induced robust germinal center reactions and antigen-experienced memory T-cell responses in lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes 14 days postimmunization. Given their biocompatibility and solid adjuvanticity, mDC-EVs represent a promising adjuvant candidate for mucosal vaccine development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".