Effect of Fermentation on <i>In Vitro</i> Protein Digestibility, Physicochemical Properties, and <i>In Vivo</i> Antioxidant Capacity of Hempseed (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> sb. <i>sativa</i>) Added Kombucha
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Kombucha enriched with hempseed showed improved nutritional and functional properties over those of conventional black tea kombucha. This study evaluated the impact of fermentation on the physicochemical characteristics and protein digestibility of hempseed kombucha in fermented (K f, HK f ) and unfermented (K u, HK u ) forms, along with a hempseed water extract (HE). Samples were analyzed for protein profile (SDS-PAGE), particle size and polydispersity (DLS), surface hydrophobicity (ANS), and in vitro protein digestibility (OPA assay). Antioxidant activity was assessed using in vitro (DPPH+, ABTS+, and FRAP) and in vivo ( Caenorhabditis elegans ) methods. Fermentation significantly increased protein content and antioxidant capacity ( p < 0.05), especially in hempseed-containing samples. SDS-PAGE identified unique bands: 43 (HE), 20 (K f ), and 40 kDa (HK f ). Fermentation increased particle size and reduced hydrophobicity ( p < 0.05), while HE and HK u had the highest hydrophobicity. Protein hydrolysis was 34.6% higher in HK f than HK u ( p < 0.05). These results highlight fermented hempseed kombucha as a promising functional plant-based beverage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".