Brain and CSF Alzheimer’s Biomarkers Are Associated with SERPINE1 Gene Expression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: SERPINE1, also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), has been proposed as a potential blood biomarker for the early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Expanding on previous studies, this research contrasted SERPINE1 levels in CSF and brain tissue of AD patients and those at risk for AD with established AD biomarkers. Methods: Utilizing OLINK and immunoassay methods, CSF SERPINE1 protein levels were quantified across two separate cohorts: PREVENT-AD and ADNI. Microarray and RNAseq were used to measure tissue SERPINE1 mRNA levels in two separate cohorts: the Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank and the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank. Results: At the pre-clinical stage, elevated CSF levels of pTau, tTau and synaptic markers, alongside reduced hippocampal volume, correlate with CSF SERPINE1 levels. Elevated cortical SERPINE1 mRNA levels in autopsy-confirmed AD show weak correlation with regional plaques and tangles densities, but strong correlation with Braak staging. Conclusions: CSF SERPINE1 levels can be used as an early biomarker for the detection of pathological changes associated with AD. Higher SERPINE1 levels correlate more strongly with tau pathology than with amyloid formation or deposition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".