Inhalability and Bioactivity of Spray‐Dried versus Pressurized Gas eXpanded Liquid Technology‐Processed Yeast Beta‐Glucan Microparticles for Anti‐Fibrotic Therapies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Current anti‐fibrotic therapeutics for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) slow disease progression but are non‐curative and have systemic side effects, promoting interest in therapies that can repolarize macrophages away from their pro‐fibrotic phenotype. While yeast beta‐glucan (YBG) offers therapeutic potential in reprogramming macrophages toward an anti‐fibrotic phenotype, YBG processing must be optimized to promote inhalability while preserving its biological activity. Herein, the biological and inhalation performance of YBG processed via Pressurized Gas eXpanded liquids technology (PGX TEC ‐YBG) relative to conventionally spray‐dried YBG (SD‐YBG) is compared. The significantly smaller size and lower density of PGX TEC ‐YBG relative to SD‐YBG result in a smaller aerodynamic diameter (3–4 µm) and double the fine particle fraction in cascade impaction studies, variables correlated with improved inhalability and thus deposition in the distal regions of the lung. Correspondingly, PGX TEC ‐YBG shows an approximately double phagocytic index in vitro and enhanced suppression of CD206 expression and arginase‐1 activity, lower levels of macrophage stress, and comparable capacity for promoting pro‐inflammatory cytokine release in ex vivo murine precision cut lung slices relative to SD‐YBG. These findings highlight PGX TEC ‐YBG's utility as a promising inhalable therapeutic that can offer improved delivery to the disease site while maintaining strong biological anti‐fibrotic effects and reduced systemic toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".