The habenula in mood disorders: A systematic review of human studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In animal models, the habenula has been identified as a key structure involved in mood disorders (MDs). Thanks to recent technological advancements, a burgeoning body of work has also investigated the habenula in the context of human MDs. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to synthesize findings from human studies concerning the habenula and its relationship with MDs. The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The literature search yielded 93 articles, of which 50 articles were included in the review. RESULTS: We found that the evidence for baseline habenular hyperactivity in human depression is mixed. Although the finding of baseline habenular hyperactivity is widely replicated in animal models of depression, the available evidence is not sufficient to either conclude the presence or the absence of this hyperactivity in human depression. As for findings from resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) studies, they were mainly inconsistent across studies. Nevertheless, a notable observation is that alterations in connectivity between the habenula and regions of the default mode network (DMN) were overrepresented in the results, suggesting that connections between the habenula and DMN regions may play a role in MDs. Lastly, we found no evidence indicating that MDs are linked to changes in habenular volume.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".