Chronic toxicity of lithium to the fingernail clam <i>Pisidium dubium</i> and the water flea <i>Daphnia pulex</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is used in batteries and pharmaceutical applications. The growing use raises concerns about impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the need for better source management. The study objective was to investigate Li chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation using two native freshwater species to allow water quality guideline derivation. We conducted toxicity tests in which the fingernail clam Pisidium dubium (28-day exposure) and the water flea Daphnia pulex (21-day exposure) were exposed to a control and six environmentally relevant nominal concentrations of Li ranging from 0.05 to 10 mg/L and 0.5 to 3 mg/L Li, respectively. Solubility and partitioning tests indicated that Li readily dissolved in water and did not sorb onto particles as filtered and unfiltered Li concentrations were similar. Results for Pisidium dubium revealed that Li exposure affected burrowing (EC50 = 1.59 mg/L, EC10 = 0.99 mg/L) and survival (LC50 = 1.37 mg/L, LC10 = 0.77 mg/L). Soft tissue Li content in Pisidium dubium was similar across all exposures at the end of the tests suggesting clams control internal Li concentrations despite increased exposure. Daphnia pulex was less sensitive to Li than P. dubium since Li exposure affected reproduction (EC50 = 1.77 mg/L, EC10 = 1.42 mg/L) and somatic growth based on body size changes (EC50 = 3.01 mg/L, EC10 = 1.97 mg/L). Updated species sensitivity distribution using our new data suggests a Li water quality guideline of 0.034 mg/L. This value falls within the range of Li concentrations near contaminated areas, underscoring the need for adequate controls to mitigate ecological risk. Future research should better characterize how Na, Ca, and pH influence Li toxicity at both the organismal and molecular levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".