HNK-1 Antibody-Based ELISA for Soluble PTPRZ: A Practical Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker for Glioma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Reliable fluid biomarkers for glioma remain elusive, complicating diagnosis and differentiation from primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). We evaluated soluble protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (sPTPRZ) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using an anti-HNK-1 antibody-based ELISA. CSF sPTPRZ levels were significantly elevated in glioma patients compared with controls (AUC = 0.910) and moderately distinguished gliomas from PCNSL (AUC = 0.805). Immunohistochemistry and qPCR confirmed lack of PTPRZ expression in PCNSL, while epitope mapping localized the HNK-1 modification site to exon 12 of the long isoform. RNA-seq of the C-CAT database revealed PTPRZ-MET fusions in 2% of gliomas, all lacking the HNK-1 epitope, consistent with low CSF sPTPRZ in a subset of tumors. These findings establish CSF sPTPRZ detection with anti-HNK-1 antibody as a minimally invasive and robust biomarker for glioma, supporting improved diagnostic accuracy and aiding clinical decision-making in neuro-oncology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".