Integrating co-design into formative research for a SBCC entry-point platform for nutrition-sensitive social protection programs in low -and middle-income country settings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Achieving adequate nutrition for vulnerable populations is an objective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Nutrition-sensitive social protection programs, including those that promote nutrition through Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC), have the potential to reduce malnutrition and provide social supports to those most in need. Country-level needs assessments can clarify key issues. When supported by co-design approaches, program formative research may provide more culturally contextualised SBCC for the improved delivery of nutrition social protection to vulnerable groups. This formative study from Pakistan and Bangladesh, integrated co-design to more fully explore program beneficiary knowledge, attitudes and perceptions toward nutrition social protection to inform the design of SBCC key messages and an entry-point platform to ensure effective message dissemination. METHODS: Qualitative formative research was conducted to support findings from a systematic review. Thirty semi-structured interviews with program stakeholders and 12 focus group discussions (134 participants) were conducted with program beneficiaries in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Co-design sessions supplemented the needs assessment protocol. A COREQ checklist ensured best practice approaches in research design, analysis and reporting. NVIVO 2023 qualitative software supported the thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four organising themes were identified: 1. Barriers to Program Engagement, 2. Opportunities for Program Improvement, 3. Knowledge Attitudes and Practices, and 4. Target Groups, Messaging and SBCC Entry-Points, with 21 sub-themes emerging under the four organising themes. Main barriers related to resource constraints and maladministration of SPPs while opportunities identified greater integration of cash transfers with nutritious food provision, increased engagement with key influencers in vulnerable communities, and identification of culturally nuanced messages with dissemination through preferred channels. Integrating co-design sessions provided greater ownership, participation and engagement by program beneficiaries and more pragmatic SBCC solutions to challenges identified. CONCLUSION: The needs assessments and integrated co-design sessions highlighted the benefits of close consultation with program beneficiaries in the design of culturally appropriate SBCC interventions to support nutrition-sensitive social protection programs. A SBCC entry-point platform was developed from participant recommendations to provide options for programmers on message designs, advocacy approaches and dissemination channels with the approaches applicable for a number of low -and middle-income countries where malnutrition is a major challenge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.248 | 0.234 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".