Light‐Activated Micromotors in Air Propelled by Thermal Convection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Micromotors are an attractive cutting-edge technology that exhibit controllable motion in response to chemical reactions or external stimuli. These nature-inspired materials are widely explored for use in environmental remediation, and drug delivery, other emerging applications. Until now, the micromotors field is restricted to applications in aqueous environments, as achieving controllable motion in air while overcoming gravity remains a significant challenge. Herein, for the first time, to our knowledge, we introduce a system capable of overcoming gravity to achieve light-induced thermal convective motion in air, driven by near-infrared light excitation. The micromotors are composed of spiky, pollen-like ZnO microparticles coated with gold nanoparticles, which interact photothermally with the NIR light, generating a thermal gradient that induces propulsion of the micromotor system. Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles are deposited onto the micromotor surface to enable nanothermometric monitoring of surface temperature, providing critical information needed to describe the system's thermal behavior in air. This micromotor platform provides a versatile approach to overcome gravity and induce a controllable movement in a gaseous matrix, opening new opportunities to develop proof-of-concepts and applications using this aerodynamic micromotor approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".