Nationality of Children Born Through Surrogacy Abroad: A Conflict of Laws Perspective / جنسية الأطفال المولودين عبر الأم البديلة في الخارج منظور في تنازع القوانين
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research addresses the legal challenges surrounding the nationality of children born through surrogacy arrangements abroad, within the framework of private international law. The increasing prevalence of cross-border surrogacy has given rise to significant legal uncertainty, particularly regarding the recognition of parentage and the transmission of nationality. The study highlights the risk of statelessness when states refuse to recognize surrogacy or the intended parental relationship, leaving children without legal identity or protection. A comparative analysis is conducted between Egypt, where surrogacy is implicitly prohibited on religious and ethical grounds; France, where surrogacy is categorically banned, and ordre public objections often prevent recognition of foreign arrangements; and Canada, where altruistic surrogacy is permitted under a regulated framework, ensuring recognition of parentage and conferral of citizenship. Drawing on international human rights law, comparative family law, and private international law doctrines, the research proposes legislative and judicial solutions aimed at balancing national sovereignty with the best interests of the child, particularly their rights to nationality, identity, and family life. يتناول هذا البحث الإشكالية القانونية المتعلقة بجنسية الأطفال المولودين عبر ترتيبات الأم البديلة خارج الحدود الوطنية، في ظل اختلاف النظم القانونية وتباين المواقف التشريعية تجاه عمليات الحمل البديل. فقد أدى انتشار هذه الممارسة إلى نشوء تحديات قانونية عميقة، أبرزها احتمالية حرمان الطفل من حقه في الجنسية أو تأخير الاعتراف بهويته القانونية، مما قد يفضي إلى حالات انعدام الجنسية. يعرض البحث دراسة مقارنة بين مصر، حيث يُنظر إلى الحمل البديل باعتباره غير مشروع استنادًا إلى اعتبارات دينية وأخلاقية؛ وفرنسا، التي تحظر جميع أشكال الحمل البديل وتستند إلى النظام العام في رفض الاعتراف بالترتيبات الأجنبية؛ وكندا، التي تسمح بالحمل البديل غير التجاري وتضع أطرًا قانونية للاعتراف بالأبوة ومنح الجنسية. كما يستند البحث إلى مبادئ القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان وقواعد القانون الدولي الخاص، لاقتراح حلول توازن بين سيادة الدول وضرورة حماية مصلحة الطفل الفضلى، لاسيما حقه في الهوية والجنسية والحياة الأسرية.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".