Radiation hardness properties and DCR reduction via laser annealing of InGaAs/InP SPADs for space applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a theoretical and experimental study of proton radiation effects on the performance of InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), used in applications such as space communications and remote sensing, where single-photon detectors for the telecom-compatible near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths are required. The devices were exposed to 3 MeV protons at different fluences. At high fluences (above 10 10 protons/cm 2 ), we measured large variations in dark current, breakdown voltage, and dark count rate, while at lower fluences (below 10 9 protons/cm 2 ), minor variations in dark count rate, negligible variations in the dark current, and no shift in the breakdown voltage were observed. Combining experimental results with TRIM simulations, we determined the proton radiation hardness parameters, including the acceptable displacement damage dose (DDD) to avoid catastrophic failure of these types of photodiodes. Furthermore, we experimentally investigated the mitigation of the radiation damage through annealing by means of high-power lasers, and we observed a significant reduction in the dark count rate of the InGaAs/InP SPADs that were irradiated at low fluences. Our study provides important guidance on using telecom-wavelength compatible single-photon detectors in a space environment and shows that such devices are good candidates for satellite-based quantum communication nodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".