Resident memory macrophages and trained innate immunity at barrier tissues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Innate immune memory, or trained innate immunity (TII), represents a form of immunological adaptation in which innate immune cells, including myeloid and lymphoid cells, retain a trained state following prior exposure to immunological stimuli. This long-lasting modification either enhances or reduces the innate immune response to subsequent heterologous infections or inflammatory insults. While TII often provides protective benefits, including enhanced protection against pathogens and tumors, it can contribute to maladaptive inflammation in certain conditions. Epigenetic changes and metabolic reprogramming are key drivers of innate immune memory, but it is important to distinguish between transient acute changes and persistent modifications that define bona fide innate immune memory. Innate immune memory can be induced centrally, through systemic events that train hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow, or locally, via tissue-resident cells such as macrophages. The presence of trained tissue-resident immune cells offers significant advantages, but their responses may not always result in universally enhanced protection. This review explores recent advances in the understanding of tissue-resident memory macrophages and TII at barrier tissue sites, including the lung, skin, gut, and peritoneum, highlighting the implications for vaccine and immunotherapeutic strategies. Ongoing research promises to accelerate progress in this field and inform new clinical and vaccinology approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".