Feeding leghorn chicks during simulated transport as an early feeding strategy and the benefits of a single spray probiotic application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined early, interrupted, or no feeding, with (P) or without (N) a spray-on probiotic (Lactobacillus reuteri), on chick stress, growth, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, microbiota, and gene expression during and after simulated transport (ST; 24 Hz vibration, 25°C, uncontrolled humidity). Lohmann LSL-Lite chicks (n = 1520) underwent 24 h of ST (5 h post-hatch) with either 24, 16, 8, or 0 h of feed access (FA) during ST with P or N treatment (trt). Following ST, birds were housed in pens for 14 d (5 replications/trt). Body weight, blood chemistry and heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, relative length, weight and histomorphology of the GIT, quantitative PCR for ileum expression of genes related to inflammation and gut-barrier function, and microbiome analysis were assessed. At d 7 and 14, P birds were heavier. On d 1 (post-ST), H/L ratios were higher in the P trt, possibly from immunostimulation. Blood pH was lowest, and ionized calcium was highest in the 8-h trt. Glucose was higher in the N trt, and more dehydration occurred in the 0- and 8-h trt. The 0-h trt had reduced small intestine length and weight, and jejunum weight was highest in the P trt on d1. On d 7, duodenum and ileum weight were lowest for 8 h and N, respectively. Histomorphology revealed interactions in the ileum and cecum, suggestive of P preventing delayed gut development with interrupted FA. On d 1, ileum IL-6 expression was greater for 0 compared to 24 h. The P trt had a lower microbiome diversity but may have improved gut development with interrupted FA and prevented dehydration in the 0- and 8-h trt. Interrupting FA after 8 h had more negative effects than 0-h FA. With 0-h FA during ST, GIT development was delayed and could have contributed to ileum inflammation. Early FA had a positive effect on leghorn chick health, gut development, and growth. One post-hatch spray application of P may improve chick well-being over long transport durations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".