Comparative genome analysis of virulent strains of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> causing anthrax outbreaks in animals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthrax, caused by the bacterial pathogen Bacillus anthracis, is a lethal disease affecting both livestock and humans. This study focused on the comparative whole-genome analysis of two Indian virulent Bacillus anthracis strains recovered from anthrax cases in cattle (NIVEDIAX3) and sheep (NIVEDIAX61), and their comparison with available genomes ( n = 55) in the NCBI database. Phylogenetic analysis based on average nucleotide identity clustered the 57 strains into 3 groups, with both NIVEDIAX strains grouped under Cluster II, alongside the Ames Ancestor strain. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) assigned the strains to Bacillus cereus sequence type ST1, Bacillus anthracis core genome MLST ST284, and Bacillus anthracis plasmid ST12 based on typing scheme. A total of 5217 orthologous clusters and 468 single-copy gene clusters shared between the NIVEDIAX strains and the Ames Ancestor strain were identified. Canonical single nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) analysis classified both strains as A.Br.003 (A.Br.Aust94 sub-lineage). Further, analysis of the 57 Bacillus anthracis genomes revealed that A.Br.003 was the most prevalent canSNP among animal isolates. In India, multiple Bacillus anthracis sub-lineages have been reported. In conclusion, the circulation of diverse Bacillus anthracis sub-lineages in livestock across Southern and Eastern states of India, was noted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".