Gelatin‐Based Freeze‐Resistant Hydrogel Supercapacitors with Oriented Porous Structure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Capacity, mechanical flexibility, and anti-freezing properties are crucial for all-in-one hydrogel-based supercapacitors. Herein, a mechanically flexible, freeze-resistant, all-in-one gelatin-based supercapacitor is presented with significantly improved areal capacity, achieved through an oriented porous structure in the hydrogel electrolyte. The gelatin-based hydrogel electrolyte is prepared via a facile gelation-directional-freezing process, generating an oriented porous structure that is well preserved in the α-methyl group-stabilized, hydrogen-bond-reinforced gelatin/poly(methyl acrylic acid) network. The all-in-one supercapacitor is fabricated through in situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on the hydrogel electrolyte. The highly oriented porous structure not only enhances ionic conductivity but also promotes PPy growth into its framework, thereby improving electrode-electrolyte interaction and charge transfer efficiency for superior areal capacitance. The capacity of the supercapacitor with an oriented porous structure is 3.5 times higher than that of its non-oriented counterpart. The anti-freezing hydrogel supercapacitor is fabricated by incorporating a glycerol/water binary solvent. Due to excellent ion-transport properties and PPy growth into the hydrogel, the device achieved a high capacitance retention of 77.2% at -23 °C. It also endured 100 cycles of stretching, compression, and bending without significant performance degradation, demonstrating excellent anti-freezing properties, flexibility, and structural stability.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".