A systematic review and meta-analysis of Old-World bluestem control in the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• In the United States, “Old-World” bluestems – non-native grasses from the genera Bothriochloa and Dichanthium – have become destructive invasive species in rangeland systems due to their aggressive spread, severe negative impacts on local biodiversity, and relatively poor forage value to livestock and native grazers. • Controlling Old-World bluestems is an important ecological and economic priority, but no attempts have been made to quantitatively synthesize the effectiveness of contemporary management practices. • Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of Old-World bluestem management in the United States, with the goal of identifying practices providing effective control. • Our systematic review included 16 research articles satisfying our search criteria that resulted in 89 observations for meta-analysis. Selected studies were conducted in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. • Burn, herbicide + burn, rain shelter + burn, and competition (e.g., overseeding) treatments significantly improved control of invasive bluestems. Counterintuitively, removal treatments resulted in a significant increase of invasive bluestems. Herbicides used singularly were not effective. • Old-World bluestems pose substantial threats to working ecosystems. Some practices afford effective control, but in general, the practical management of these invasive species is understudied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".