Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stars with very low levels of magnetic activity provide an opportunity for a more quantitative comparison with the Sun during its Maunder minimum. We employ spectra from the RAVE survey in a search for particularly low-activity stars with the goal of identifying candidates for so-called Maunder-minimum stars. Spectra were used to measure the relative flux in the cores of the Ca II infrared-triplet (IRT) lines. Those were converted to absolute emission-line fluxes and were corrected with target fluxes from high-resolution STELLA and ultra-high-resolution PEPSI spectra. Absolute Ca II IRT fluxes for a total of 78111 RAVE dwarf stars are presented and compared with fluxes of the 123 stars from our high-resolution STELLA+PEPSI sample. RAVE fluxes appear higher than the STELLA and PEPSI fluxes by on average 19% for IRT-1, 21% for IRT-2, and 25% for IRT-3 due to their lower spectral resolution. Our sample also spans a metallicity [Fe/H] range relative to the Sun of -1.5 to +0.5 dex. We confirm the strong dependency of IRT fluxes on metallicity and quantify it to be at most $\pm$14% in the B-V range 0.53-0.73. Without a metallicity correction, practically all very-low-activity RAVE dwarfs show a super-solar metallicity. After correcting for spectral resolution and for metallicity, we find 13 RAVE stars out of 13326 (0.1%) that fall well below our empirical lower flux bound from high-resolution versus B-V. For solar B-V, this relates to a photospheric uncorrected radiative loss in the IRT lines of log R_IRT=-4.13 (~20% below the solar-minimum value in late 2016). However, 11 targets turned out to be evolved stars based on their Gaia DR3 parallaxes. Two stars, TIC 352227373 (G2V) and TYC 7560-477-1 (G7V), are our only Maunder-minimum candidates from the present search. Contrary to the initial suggestion from the Mount-Wilson H&K Survey, we conclude that such stars are very rare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".