Leaching of Organotin Compounds from Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the leaching of organotin (OT) heat stabilizers, including monobutyltin (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT), from a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe used for drinking water distribution. Four types of virgin PVC pipes were subjected to a range of chlorine concentrations (4−25 mg/L), a water velocity of 0.09 m/s, a pH of 8, and a temperature of 20 °C. Leaching of MBT occurred over 1 to 7 days when exposed to 4 mg/L of chlorine, with maximum concentrations ranging from 0.008 to 0.296 μg/L. Subsequently, virgin pipes disinfected following an American Water Works Association procedure were employed in leaching trials with 4 mg/L chlorine. MBT leaching extended up to 14 days with the concentration remaining stable at approximately 0.15 μg/L, 10× lower than the World Health Organization guideline for OTs in drinking water. However, when the NSF/ANSI/CAN 61-2023 certification procedure was employed on the same PVC materials, OTs were not detected, in direct contrast with the trials involving pipe disinfection procedures. These findings suggest that while OT leaching from a PVC pipe does not occur at levels that may pose a human health concern, standard pipe test protocols should be updated such that they are more representative of practices employed in actual distribution systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".