Assessment the Phytotoxic Effects of Prosulfuron on Wild Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Laboratory and Nursery Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the herbicide prosulfuron on two wild sunflower populations from northern Tamaulipas, México, which differed in their history of herbicide exposure. Population C12 originated from a farm with documented history of routine prosulfuron applications, meanwhile, C36 had no prior exposure. A bioassay was conducted under both laboratory and nursery conditions, evaluating visual damage, plant height, leaf necrosis, and electrolyte leakage over 28 days after application (DAA). Prosulfuron induced foliar chlorosis in apical bud within seven days, which progressed to growth inhibition and necrosis, with more pronounced symptoms in susceptible C36 population. Plant height was significantly reduced in C36, reaching nearly 50% reduction at 14 DAA, while C12 exhibited only at 4% reduction. Electrolyte leakage further supported these findings, showing a 74% solute loss in C36 compared to 14.7% in C12 at 21 DAA. Microscopic analyses revealed cellular disruptions consistent with the action mode of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Visual assessments demonstrated poor control of the C12 population despite previous exposure, suggesting the potential selection of tolerant individuals, whereas C36 was highly susceptible. These results underscore the importance of integrating physiological, morphological and cellular parameters to detect early signs of herbicide resistance. Notably, cellular electrical conductivity proved to be an effective preliminary screening tool for distinguishing tolerant populations, offering a practical alternative to more time-consuming bioassays. Overall, the findings indicate the presence of a potentially tolerant biotype of wild sunflower in northern of Tamaulipas, and highlight the urgent need for integrated weed management strategies to prevent the further development of resistance and to sustain the efficacy of chemical control in sorghum and other cereal crops.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".